Give Life A Chance For The Good Lord s Will - 871 Words

Give Life a Chance A mother s choice to kill, is not part of the Good Lord s will. Imagine being killed because someone didn’t want you. Imagine not having any say in whether or not you wanted to have a life. Well fetuses don t have a choice. How many babies do you think have been killed that would’ve made a dramatic impact on society? The answer is thousands. Their entire future is destroyed. Without abortion many valuable lives could be saved. Norma McCovery, also known as Jane Roe, is the woman behind the Roe vs Wade case. This act was passed in 1973, and it gives women the right to have an abortion. When Norma was 25 she wished to get an abortion, but couldn’t so she took it to court. Ironically Norma never got an abortion, instead she put her child up for adoption. According to Norma’ â€Å"’Abortion , to me, means going back to the condition of not being pregnant† ( qtd. In EndRoe). Norma did not completely understand that abortion was more than just not being pregnant anymore, it was more than that. Abortion is taking an innocent life away. Fast forward 40 years and she is now a pro-life activist and is now working hard trying to demolish the bill she passed. Even the woman that were behind the movement to authorize abortion have understood how detrimental abortion can be, especially to mothers. The most obvious reason why abortion is immoral is because it is the intentional killing of a human being. Although studies haven’t totally proven whether fetusesShow MoreRelatedThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1576 Words   |  7 Pagestransformation, Oscar Wilde s novel is suggesting that the hedonistic lifestyle, a lifestyle where gaining pleasure is the main goal of a person’s life, may seem like it is an exciting and wonderful way to live, however a person will slowly be corrupted if they are not careful in the way they carry out their lifestyle. 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In Robert Bolt’s play, A Man for All Seasons, Sir Thomas More is viewed as a saint or a person who is morally good. More’s conflict comes from his refusal to go against his morals and self that were connected to God and the Catholic Church. He is willing to give up his family

Protein Characterization by Electrophoresis Free Essays

string(58) " procedure was done for 100 \? L of bovine serum albumin\." EXPERIMENT NO. 15 PROTEIN CHARACTERIZATION BY ELECTROPHORESIS Abstract The molecular weights of protein extracts were assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Two sets of four protein samples, standard bovine serum albumin (BSA), invertase, egg albumin, and casein, were prepared; one set containing ? -mercaptoethanol (BME) while the other did not. We will write a custom essay sample on Protein Characterization by Electrophoresis or any similar topic only for you Order Now These were then analyzed through SDS-PAGE with 12. 5% resolving gel, prepared using 2 M Tris-HCl at pH 8. 8 and stacking gel, prepared using 0. 0625 M Tris-HCl at pH 6. . Results showed multiple bands located on the upper half of the gel, which suggested heterogeneity of the mixture and that the samples were heavy molecules. Introduction Proteins are biological macromolecules composed of one or more polypeptides, which are polymers of amino acids. Structurally diverse, these molecules also serve a myriad of functions from enzymes, which are the biological catalysts of many physiological reactions, to components that maintain the structural integrity and organization of cells (Pratt and Cornelly, 2011). Because of this, it has been a constant effort among chemists to extract and isolate proteins to determine the mechanisms by which they act and produce the results of their reactions. Further knowledge of their biological action could translate into the discovery of many resources that could facilitate humans’ and other species’ daily lives. Electrophoresis is an analytical tool through which one can examine the movement of charged molecules in an electric field. Many modern electrophoretic techniques use a polymerized gel-like matrix as a support medium. The molecules’ migration is dependent on the applied electric field, the rigid, mazelike matrix of the gel support, and their size, shape, charge, and chemical composition. The movement of a charged molecule in an electric field is given by: v=Eq? f (1) where v is the velocity of the molecule, E is the electric field magnitude, q is the net charge of the molecule, and f is a frictional coefficient dependent on mass and shape of the molecule. Hence, it is observed that under a constant electric field magnitude, the movement is dependent on the charge-to-mass ratio of the molecule. Since each molecule is expected to have unique charges and sizes, their mobility under the electric field would also be different. Gels used in electrophoresis with different pore size may be produced by using different concentrations of cross-linking agents. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) allows enhanced resolution of sample components due to separation based on molecular sieving and electrophoretic mobility. Because of the presence of a continuous network of pores in the gel, large molecules do not move easily through the medium compared to smaller ones. Two types of gels are used: the resolving and stacking gels, each having different concentrations of acrylamide and of different pH and ionic strengths. The denaturants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a detergent, and ? -mercaptoethanol (BME), a reducing agent, are frequently used in PAGE. The action of these two denaturating agents cause the production of polypeptide chains of constant charge-to-mass ratios and uniform shapes due to the SDS molecules binding with the hydrophobic regions of the denatured polypeptide and masking the native charge of the protein by its negative charge. This restriction, coupled with the fact that mobility of the SDS-protein complexes are based on molecular size, forms the basis of the electrophoretic determination of purity and molecular weight (Boyer, 1993). This experiment will utilize SDS-PAGE to assess the molecular weights of the extracted proteins invertase, albumin, and casein, along with standard bovine serum albumin. The effect of the presence of ? -mercaptoethanol was also investigated. Methodology With the glass plates clean, the gel apparatus was first set up with the comb inserted between the glass plates. It was made sure of that the set-up would not leak by allowing a little amount of distilled water to enter it, which was discarded afterwards. A mark, one centimeter below the teeth of the comb, was placed on the glass plate. The resolving gel, at 12. 5% gel, was then prepared in an Erlenmeyer flask. Using a micropipette, 1450 ? L of 40% stock acrylamide, 775 ? L of 2% stock bisacrylamide, 875 ? L of 2 M Tris-HCl at pH 8. 8, and 1500 ? L of distilled water were measured and mixed in the Erlenmeyer flask. Afterwards, 47 ? L of 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 40 ? L of freshly prepared 10% ammonium persulfate (APS) were added to the mixture. Then, ten microliters (10 ? L) of tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) was added and, after mixing it by swirling not more than three times, the mixture was poured into the gel apparatus with the aid of a micropipette up to the mark. The gel was then overlaid with a small amount of isobutanol-water mixture before it would start to harden. After the gel has completely polymerized, the isobutanol mixture was removed from the apparatus. Two pairs of two resolving gels were prepared as one pair would be used for samples containing ? mercaptoethanol and another pair for those that do not contain the said chemical. The stacking gel was prepared by taking 265 ? L of 40% stock acrylamide, 140 ? L of 2% stock bisacrylamide, 350 ? L of 0. 625 M Tris-HCl at pH 6. 8, and 940 ? L of distilled water and mixing all four in an Erlenmeyer flask. Afterwards, 25 ? L of 10% SDS and 60 ? L of 10% APS were added to the one in the flask. Immediately before the solution was added, 5 ? L of TEMED was added to it and swirled not more than three times, similar to that done with the resolving gel. This mixture was then rapidly transferred by a micropipette over the resolving gel and, after placing the comb over it, left to harden. The samples were prepared by getting 100 ? L of the protein sample, 20 ? L of distilled water, and 80 ? L of loading buffer with ? -mercaptoethanol in plastic tubes for the electrophoresis of the samples containing ? -mercaptoethanol. For those samples not containing the latter reagent, 80 ? L of the loading buffer was added. The same procedure was done for 100 ? L of bovine serum albumin. You read "Protein Characterization by Electrophoresis" in category "Papers" These were then placed in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes after which these were immediately immersed in an ice water bath for 3 minutes. The protein samples used were invertase, albumin, and casein. The loading buffer was prepared by mixing 2. 5 mL of 10% SDS, 2. 5 mL of 0. 625 M Tris-HCl at pH 6. 8, 2. 5 mL of 10% glycerol, and 5. 0 g of 0. 02% bromophenol blue, and diluting to 25 mL with distilled deionized water. Eight tubes were done all-in-all. The gel slabs were then placed in the gel chamber. The gel chambers were then filled with gel running buffer, making sure that the gel was completely immersed. This buffer was prepared by mixing 3. 0 g Tris base, 14. 4 g glycine and 1. 0 g SDS, and diluting to 1 L with distilled deionized water.. The set-up was then placed on a level surface. At this point, the comb was removed in one fluid motion to ensure that the wells would have straight edges. Ten microliters (10 ? L) of the samples with ? -mercaptoethanol was loaded into the wells using a micropipette. With the voltage set at 100 V and the protective electrode covering placed over the set-up, the gel was run until the dye reaches a level of 1 cm above the bottom of the gel slab. This was done again for those samples without the ? -mercaptoethanol. After the gels have been run, the gel slabs were transferred from the glass plates to a flat-bottom container where a small amount of staining solution was added until the slabs were completely immersed. This solution was prepared by mixing 50 mL of methanol, 10 mL of glacial acetic acid, and 0. 25 mg of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250, and diluting to 100 mL with distilled deionized water. After that, the background staining was removed by several washings of destaining solution. This solution was prepared by mixing 25 mL of 95% ethanol and 5 mL of glacial acetic acid, and diluting to 100 mL with distilled deionized water. Results and Discussion Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) served as an effective tool in the characterization of protein standards and extracts because of the gel’s high resolving power for molecules up to 106 Da, accommodation of larger sized samples, an inert enough matrix with respect to the migrating entities, and physical stability of the matrix (Boyer, 1993). Polyacrylamide gels were prepared by the catalyzed and cross-linked polymerization of the acrylamide-bisacrylamide mixture. The polymerization reaction was facilitated by ammonium persulfate (APS), the polymerizing agent, due to its inherent instability and, hence, its tendency to decay and to give rise to molecules initiating these polymerization. Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) was introduced to catalyze the decay of APS. Figure 1 presents the general equation for the polymerization reaction of the acrylamide-bisacrylamide mixture (Encor Biotechnology, Inc. , 2011). Figure 1. The polymerization reaction of the Acrylamide-bisacrylamide in the presence of ammonium persulfate and TEMED as the polymerizing agent and the catalyst respectively (Thermo Scientific, Inc. , 2011) Polymerization proceeded with the opening of an acrylamide double bond, allowing it to react with another acrylamide to produce a linear polyacrylamide. Cross links were generated through the incorporation of bisacrylamide into the linear polyacrylamides. Since molecular oxygen would react with the free radical sulfate ions (SO42-) thereby inhibiting polymerization, degassing was necessary. Furthermore, the tendency of molecular oxygen to react with SO42- would also be the reason why it would be necessary for PAGE gels to be poured into tubes or between glass plates instead of horizontal apparatuses. However, the degassing step was not done due to the unavailability of a degassing chamber. Isobutanol was added on top of the gel to also prevent the entry and accumulation of O2 (Encor Biotechnology, Inc. , 2011). Gel pore size is inversely proportional to the concentration of acrylamide. Therefore, to generate a broad and efficient range of protein separation, a discontinuous gel system was formulated, having a low acrylamide content on top and a high acrylamide content at the bottom. The capability of Tris-HCl to facilitate the propagation of electric current through the matrix qualified it as an appropriate loading buffer. It allowed the proteins to be drawn by the current through the sieving matrix slab (Thermo Scientific, Inc. , 2011). The polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses set-up had three important features. First, a stacking gel was cast over a resolving gel. Second, the two gel layers had different ionic strengths and pH. Third, the stacking gel had a lower acrylamide concentration and a lower pH. These conditions allowed the protein molecules to first concentrate into a tight band before entering the resolving solution. In this experiment in particular, the charge of the protein was kept uniform all throughout using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a powerful detergent that would denature the protein and would leave it evenly negatively charged. Also, ? -mercaptoethanol was added to cleave the disulfide bonds, enforcing completely disrupted secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structures. Prior to the loading of the sample, the discontinuous gel system was immersed in a glycine-Tris buffer prepared at pH 8. 8. At this pH, the two form of glycine – its Zwitterion ion and glycinate – would exist in equilibrium. H3N+CH2COO- – H2NCH2COO- + H+(2) When the voltage was turned on, the entry of buffer ions (glycinate and H+) to the stacking gel (pH 6. 8) shifted the equilibrium to the left, increasing the concentration of glycine’s Zwitterion ion, which would have a zero net charge, and therefore, would be electrophoretically immobile. Since the protein molecules would still be anionic at pH 6. , they would replace the nonmobile glycine molecules in order to keep the current running. As such, the relative mobilities of the ions in the stacking gel would be Tris base protein sample glycinate. Furthermore, the thin band observed in the upper gel would actually pertain to the protein molecules sandwiched between the Tris-base and the glycinate ions. The resolving gel, on the other hand, had a pH of 8. 8. When the ionic front reached it, the equilibrium of glycine species shifted to the right. The increase in pH and decrease in pore size retarded the movement of proteins and rendered the glycinate ions greater mobility. The relative rates of movement then became Tris-base glycinate ions protein samples. From there, it was the mass of the protein molecules that governed their mobility and thus identified them (Boyer, 1993). For qualitative analysis of results, the Coomassie brilliant blue dye (R-250), being the most popular staining reagent for the electrophoresis of protein samples, was used. Its mechanism of binding to the basic and hydrophobic groups of proteins manifested in the dull, reddish-brown to intense blue color change of the solutions. The staining method was started with the water wash of the gel cast to remove the electrophoresis buffers from the matrix. The matrix was then washed with methanol followed by glacial acetic acid to prevent the diffusion of protein bands form the matrix. The treatment with the dye followed. Lastly, destaining measures were employed to get rid of excess dye from the background gel matrix. This would allow a clear visualization of the bands that had formed (Thermo Scientific, Inc. , 2011). Figures 2 and 3 are photographs of the two gels after incubation and subjection to the dye. Figure 2. Photograph of 1st gel Figure 3. Photograph of 2nd gel In figure 2, multiple bands existed. This could suggest that the samples had other components. These could come in the form of other proteins, contaminants, or other impurities. Nonetheless, any of these possibilities suggest one thing; the sample is not pure although there are occasional times when homogeneous samples result to multiple bands due to degradation during the electrophoresis procedure (Boyer, 1993). Also, the identity of the proteins could have been determined if there were standards or â€Å"markings† to compare these bands with. However, there were none. The only information that could be extracted from the photographs could be that the proteins in the samples were heavy that they were only located on the upper half of the gel. Conclusion The separation of biomolecules according to charge, size, and shape through electrophoresis could give significant information such as the purity, molecular weight, and, hence, the identity of the biomolecule. In this experiment, the multiple bands produced in the gel set-ups suggested that the samples were heterogeneous. Their location in the gel suggested that the proteins were relatively heavy ones. To gain more valuable information rom these data, it is recommended that a set of standard solutions be also run on the gel so that they could be used as references for the identification of the proteins in the samples. Also, the protein’s exact molecular size could be determined by preparing a calibration curve from a set of standard solutions of proteins, with of course, known concentration. The curve should be a plot of the logarithm of the molecular weight of the protein versus its mobility in the gel matrix. From this curve, the molecular weight of the protein in the sample solutions could be extrapolated. References 1. Boyer, Rodney. Modern Experimental Biochemistry. Third Edition. San Francisco, USA: Benjamin/Cummings, 1993. Scribd. Web. 29 November 2011. 2. Encor Biotechnology, Inc. â€Å"SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). † Encor Biotechnology, Inc. Protocols. Encor Biotechnology, Inc. , 2011. Web. 30 November 2011 http://www. encorbio. com/protocols/SDS-PAGE. htm. 3. Thermo Scientific, Inc. â€Å"SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). † Thermo Scientific, Inc. Protein Methods Library. Thermo Scientific, Inc. , 2011. Web. 30 November 2011 http://www. piercenet. com/browse. cfm? fldID=21518847-2D72-475F-A5B9-B236EC5B641E . How to cite Protein Characterization by Electrophoresis, Papers

Case Study Solution about Retail Management of Pound Land Store

Question: Using the retailer chosen "Pound land", undertake a comprehensive and extensive look at the internal positioning of this company in regards to how it is dealing with the issues identified? Answer: Introduction Poundland is a public limited store situated in British. Poundland lies under the retail sector. As a retail shop Poundland sells different brands products in one place. The main aim behind starting this type of store was they wanted customers to get all their necessary items in one place in an affordable price. Subsequent to global financial crisis, the UK retailers have gone through significant downturn. Among them, mostly affected are the discount retail chains. Still, there are certain retailers who have manage themselves quite efficiently to deal with this major issue. Pound land is one of them (Armstrong, 2010). In the context of current external environment, it can be said that this particular industry has evidenced an increasing trend. Gap Analysis in Poundland Poundland before opening any new store analyses the market and customer requirement so that the products sold in that store are according to customers and market. Gap analysis in Poundland is used to analyse the difference between their present conditions with future condition in relation to communication, working culture, business environment, employee welfare, profit share and others (Armstrong, 2010). Poundland gap analysis assesses the analysis of their retail supply, surplus in items or profit and other working. Gap analysis in communication is done to analyse the difference in their consumer demand and requirement so that long term and short term plan are changed accordingly (Blake and Rivkin, 2010). Gap analysis can be in communication, delivery service, customer service and other services. Suppose customer wants packed uncooked chicken and the seller present in store is offering him different variety of pork meet, so the miscommunication or the mistake of seller done in under standing and analysing the demand of customer can affect Poundland business as well as customer relationship also. Different strategies adopted by Poundland for Marketing, Advertising and Promoting and list of competitors The promotional strategy adopted by Poundland is as they provide different discounted products every time which attracts more number of customers in comparison of their competitors. Marketing strategy adopted by Poundland is as they try to advertise their range of customers with the help of media i.e. Television, internet or web media and others for instance, Pound land has 26000 followers on Facebook and 38.7K followers on Twitter which explain that Poundland is active on Twitter more than Facebook because of the offers and vouchers (Plunkett, 2010). Pound land organizes different events to advertise their products and shops location which make easier to their customers (Blake, Buttner and Rivkin, 2010). The other promotional strategies adopted by Poundland are they provide credit cards to their regular customers, they invite celebrity in the shops for inaugurating different events so that huge number of customers gathers (Plunkett, 2010). The main competitors of Poundland in retail industry are as Wall mart, Iceland, Poundworld, Aldi. Price Tactics Hard discounting shops are famous for their rock bottom price. They can sell their products at extremely low costs as they are unbranded. However, Poundland are restricted as everything has to be a pound. To increase their sales volume Pound land adopted the discount pricing strategy by which they sell all products of their in house production on 1. Commented by (Armstrong) retail industry is based on customers requirement and needs, so Pound land price strategy for every store is different (Blake, Buttner and Rivkin, 2010). Pound lands in their old and new stores adopt different pricing strategies as the sales rates of both stores are different. New stores of Pound land usually offer discount and reduce price rate in their newly opened store to attract more and more customers. Location Pound land stores are often located within the city centre where they are easy to access. As mentioned by (Gelder and Woodcock, 2003) Pound land is nearly having 500 stores worldwide where they sell number of brands as per their customers demand and requirement. If Pound land decided to open any new store first they analyse different factors on which they store sales depends as customer demand in that particular location, availability of other facilities like transport, roads, water and etc. As commented (Field, 2009) location of any retail store decided their business profit and their operation procedure. As mentioned in one research (Plunkett, 2010) Pound land all stores are situated in good location which increases their sales in comparison of their competitors. Customer Services Pound Land retail stores have different customer services which are decided by their top managers. Pound Land store managers try to continue their customer service facility after the purchase. As commented (Gelder and Woodcock, 2003) customer service of any retail industry organization do not begin and finish on counter, to continue customer relationship store manager and other employees should always work on it (Gelder and Woodcock, 2003). Pound land influences their each and every employee for maintaining customer relation. Pound land after evaluating several problems regarding their customer relation decided to hire new employees who will only for on customer relationship i.e. within the store they will try to help customer in purchasing, choosing and other things if they face any problem (Plunkett, 2011). Pound land customers perception depends on their past experience of purchasing and choosing their products within the store (Plunkett, 2010). Pound land as a retail industry alw ays monitors their employees performance regarding customer relation within the store. Store Atmosphere Commented by (Field, 2009) main responsibilities of store manager of Pound land different stores are to always maintain positive environment within the store so that all employees are motivated. As stated by (Gelder and Woodcock, 2003) store environment of Pound land are always positive and motivational for their employees as well as their customers. The main responsibility of Pound Land store managers are as to maintain daily operation of their employees and the operation which are held within the stores. In contrast to this (Terriff, Osinga and Farrell, 2010) if store environment in positive all employees will automatically be influenced to work. Positive atmosphere of store helps managers in influencing their subordinates to perform better and complete their task on time. Operating procedures Pound land is a retail store where customers come to purchase different products offered by them. Pound land different stores location, services, products influence their perception customers regarding the company brand. As mentioned by (Gould, 2008) Pound land managers focus on their store operation and the cost which they invest and incur from operation. Pound land tries to manage their all store operation in an integration manner to run store easily. As stated (Guercini and Runfola, 2010) main factors of Pound land stores operations are as store manager, sales men and women, low level employees, customers and others. As mentioned (Morrow, 2010) Pound land is having its separate and vast warehouse where huge number of items can be stored. Pound land always focuses on their product quality which they get from various other companies and the quality of products which Pound Land is providing their customers (Terriff, Osinga and Farrell, 2010). Pound land always operate in proper hiera rchy Profitability Hard discounting stores tend to have a low profit margin strategy to attract price sensitive customers. Poundland keep prices low to keep sales volume high by doing things such as Bulk buying, own brand labels and cost cutting. Because prices are so low it means that sales volume will be higher. Another way that Poundland makes itself more profitable is by cutting costs where ever it can. For example staff costs are cut by only having around 5 members of staff throughout the whole store. The staff are paid well but have a lot of responsibilities when there is no customers at their till they are expected to do another task elsewhere in the store e.g. cleaning (Gelder and Woodcock, 2003). Hence Poundland profits are around million before taxation. Pound land organization always focuses on their profitability share i.e. to increase their profitability share they adopt various strategies and policies (Plunkett, 2010). If any store of Pound land is having poor sales in comparison of other competitors they evaluate the reason behind and then adopt new sales techniques and strategies. Pound land adopted lean and money inventory for their profitability retail operation (Gould, 2008). In contrast to these all profit able strategies Pound land try to increase their sales volume by opening new stores in such a location where no other retail stores are present and then Pound land offers customers low price product and launches various discount scheme. Commented (Morrow, 2010) Pound land to increase their sales cut down their supply chain system cost, manufacturing cost and motivate their employees to avoid wasting organization things. Recommendation Pound land work as per their customer demands in any particular region, so they should try to interact their customers face to face for getting feedback regarding their customer service, product quality and other services (Plunkett, 2010). Pound land should try to improve their product quality and service quality as per their customers and present market demand. To increase their sales volume Pound land should adopt new marketing, advertising and promotional strategies other than discount strategy. Supply chain system and technologies should be updated to increase the competitive advantage in retail industry (Terriff, Osinga and Farrell, 2010). Pound land before making changes in their rules, regulations and policies regarding employees or work should do analysis properly. Pound land should try to focus on their cost cutting strategy as it can de motivate their employees also (Plunkett, 2010). The recommendation and feedback if given by any customer should be considered as it will increase customers loyalty towards brand. Pound land should always update their discount and other offers on their official website and other social websites so that every customer is aware and attracts toward their products. Conclusion The study is all about Pound land pricing strategies, location, operating procedure, store atmosphere and other factors which are important for their business (Morrow, 2010). Pound land is a retail industry so the main factors on which their sales depend are customer relationship and the employee employer relationship (Plunkett, 2010). Pound land adopted several strategies and methods to influence their customers regarding their product and other services which differ from store to store. Commented (Plunkett, 2010) Pound land has won number of awards for their customer relation, customer services and the quality of products. Pound land sells huge number of fast moving products of different companies. The study is having brief study about the location, store atmosphere, customer relationship and etc. References Armstrong, J. (2010).Persuasive advertising. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Blake, C. and Rivkin, C. (2010).Stationary fuel cell application codes and standards. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Blake, C., Buttner, W. and Rivkin, C. (2010).Vehicle codes and standards. Golden, Colo.: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Field, S. (2009).Career opportunities in the retail and wholesale industry. New York: Ferguson/Facts on File. Gelder, D. and Woodcock, P. (2003).Marketing and promotional strategy. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. Gould, W. (2008).The Puerto Rico Gap Analysis Project. Ri o Piedras, P.R.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry. Guercini, S. and Runfola, A. (2010). Business networks and retail internationalization: A case analysis in the fashion industry.Industrial Marketing Management, 39(6), pp.908-916. Morrow, S. (2010).Work schedule manager gap analysis. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Research and Development. Plunkett, J. (2010).Plunkett's retail industry almanac 2010. Houston, Tex.: Plunkett Research. Plunkett, J. (2010).Plunkett's retail industry almanac 2011. Houston, Tex. (P.O. Drawer 541737, Houston TX 77254-1737 USA): Plunkett Research. Plunkett, J. (2011).Plunkett's Retail Industry Almanac 2012. Houston: Plunkett Research, Ltd. Terriff, T., Osinga, F. and Farrell, T. (2010).A transformation gap?. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.