The Holocaust Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Holocaust - Research Paper Example The state of Germany led by Adolf Hitler killed six million individual from the Jews community between1933 to 1945. Since the Holocaust years, it is 50 years down the line but relevant questions are still being asked by not only the Jews community but also the international communities across the globe. â€Å"How could a modern state carry out the planned murder of a whole people just because they were Jews?† (Rossel, 12). It is also a perturbing issue since the whole world watched, as six million innocent souls were murdered in cold blood. In addition, it is even hard to find an individual who can give an explanation of what really happened? In spite of having the survivors of the holocaust, by then they were children. Giving an ear to them to explain is like history in pieces. But as time goes by historians give clear description of the Holocaust. It is indeed strange to hear politicians and professors reports claiming that there is nothing like years of Holocaust. On the ot her hand, the social scientist can claim that sacrifice by blood is ridiculers’ thing, since it impossible to encounter a group of individuals who can do such an act in such a long period. Furthermore, the politicians may claim that Holocaust story was told by the Jews community, as a plot or for evil reasons. ... Weiss describes that the writing of Luther as â€Å"more obscene than even Hitler’s Mein Kampf† A unique brand of the fascisms in Germany was as a result of the waiving out of the nationalism which was peculiar as it was introduced in Germany that came with the revolutions, capitalism with enlighten and the 20th Century war that were fused together. In addition, it is still moot to explain the extent at which the Holocaust covered, but studies that have been done locally show that the Germaine’s were attracted to the anti-Semitism since they were drawn to be part of the Nazism but not the anti-Nazism. It is therefore obvious that the anti-Semitists power was in the Holocaust. However, the anti-Semitists in Germany resulted to different situations as well as having unique outcome compared to the anti-Semitist in other countries with the same characteristics, Christianity was at bay. Between years 1933 to 1945 there was a concentration camp since the beginning, the y were founded with an aim of holding political prisoners and they were later used to hold the â€Å"asocial†. However, there were high death rates that were recorded with 50 percent rate of the mortality rate which were not meant to be or be centers of killings. While 1942 was approaching Germany had 6 extermination camps and they were large in size. There was a difference in the concentration camps since individuals who were sent in the 6 camps were killed. The camps continuously became a site where the Jews and the POWs were brought to their death dates. A part from being killed they were forced to be slaves, laborers, torture and were as well undernourished. In addition, German went ahead and established 15,000 more camps in countries where they had occupied such as

Plz see attachments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plz see attachments - Essay Example In the place that was referred to as the New Spain, St Augustine was the first place to be established (James et al, pp 36). Here was occupied mostly by Indians that were converted to Christianity. At the time New Mexico established, it collapsed because of inadequate wealth. In the New England, separatists and Puritans constituted the population. Following the dissent and reformation of England, the people of England stated to arrive in the new America for the reasons of religion. New England colonies were made up of mostly Catholics and puritans who banked their hope on putting their beliefs in practice with no interference from church hierarchy or England. The colonial extension under Castile’s crown was instigated by Spanish conquerors and grown by Spanish monarchy through its missionaries and administrators. Motivation for the expansion of colonies was increased Christianity faith and trade through local conversations. This took a period of over 400 years from the year 14 92 to the year 1898. To start with is the arrival of Columbus in the year 1942, over 4 centuries the empire of the Spaniards would extend across: in the present day in most Central America, Mexico and Caribbean island; most of American North that include Southern coastal, Southern western, California part of United States; and although not active, with territory claimed presently British Columbia; and states of Oregon, Washington and Alaska; and south America. At the start of 19th C the movements on revolution ended up in independence of many American Spanish colonies, with exception of Puerto Rico and Cuba, released in the year 1898 subsequent to the war waged by Spain against the Americans, together with Philippines and Guam in Pacific. The political loss of the last territories by Spain brought an end to the Spanish colonization (Kathy, pp 64) The settlements of the Spanish in the South West of America and English colonies in the New England in the 17th C may be contrasted in bas ically two ways. To start with, their political patterns were based entirely on different government systems and classes of ruling. Secondly, they used different economic development avenues. The settlements of the Spanish started with Cortes while some conquered Americans of central, south and south west of North America. Following the eradication of a big part of the population of native America, the Spanish started intermarrying with the Native Americans. Consequently, only part of that population composed of pure Spanish. The Spanish held the highest political and social status. The native from Spain were a step ahead of the ones that were born in America while the ones who had Indian heritage or mixed were bottom placed in the social hierarchy. Moreover, as the Spanish arrived as conquerors, consequent system of politics was purely solely and autocratically aimed at extending the motherland. Just after have the Americans conquered, the Spanish stole huge portions of silver, gol d and some valuables. The tradition made a step into the 17th C as the Spanish ships came to America to ferry these valuables like gold and silver to Spain. Through this, the Spanish perceived the Spanish America to be a useful tool to use in its objective of mercantilist. As mercantilism was its sole objective, Spain issued its colonies with slight self rule. Instead, the Spanish rulers decided every policy governing the territories of the new world (Kathy, pp 70) Coming back to the English, their settlement was peaceful on the North

The Roots Of Cybernetic Theory Philosophy Essay

The Roots Of Cybernetic Theory Philosophy Essay Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of regulatory systems. Cybernetics is closely related to control theory and systems theory. Both in its origins and in its evolution in the second-half of the 20th century, cybernetics is equally applicable to physical and social (that is, language-based) systems. Artificial Intelligence and cybernetics: Arent they the same thing? Or, isnt one about computers and the other about robots? The answer to these questions is emphatically, No. Researchers in Artificial Intelligence (AI) use computer technology to build intelligent machines; they consider implementation (that is, working examples) as the most important result. Practitioners of cybernetics use models of organizations, feedback, goals, and conversation to understand the capacity and limits of any system (technological, biological, or social); they consider powerful descriptions as the most important result. The field of AI first flourished in the 1960s as the concept of universal computation [Minsky 1967], the cultural view of the brain as a computer, and the availability of digital computing machines came together to paint a future where computers were at least as smart as humans. The field of cybernetics came into being in the late 1940s when concepts of information, feedback, and regulation [Wiener 1948] were generalized from specific applications in engineering to systems in general, including systems of living organisms, abstract intelligent processes, and language. History The roots of cybernetic theory Ã…Å ¾tefan Odobleja (1902-1978) was a Romanian scientist, one of the precursors of cybernetics. His major work, Psychologie consonantiste, first published in 1938 and 1939, in Paris, had established many of the major themes of cybernetics regarding cybernetics and systems thinking ten years before the work of Norbert Wiener was published in 1948. The word cybernetics was first used in the context of the study of self-governance by Plato in The Laws to signify the governance of people. The word cybernà ©tique was also used in 1834 by the physicist Andrà ©-Marie Ampà ¨re (1775-1836) to denote the sciences of government in his classification system of human knowledge. The first artificial automatic regulatory system, a water clock, was invented by the mechanician Ktesibios. In his water clocks, water flowed from a source such as a holding tank into a reservoir, then from the reservoir to the mechanisms of the clock. Ktesibioss device used a cone-shaped float to monitor the level of the water in its reservoir and adjust the rate of flow of the water accordingly to maintain a constant level of water in the reservoir, so that it neither overflowed nor was allowed to run dry. This was the first artificial truly automatic self-regulatory device that required no outside intervention between the feedback and the controls of the mechanism. Although they did not refer to this concept by the name of Cybernetics (they considered it a field of engineering), Ktesibios and others such as Heron and Su Song are considered to be some of the first to study cybernetic principles. Origins of cybernetics The term itself began its rise to popularity in 1947 when Norbert Wiener used it to name a discipline apart from, but touching upon, such established disciplines as electrical engineering, mathematics, biology, neurophysiology, anthropology, and psychology. Wiener, Arturo Rosenblueth, and Julian Bigelow needed a name for their new discipline, and they adapted a Greek word meaning the art of steering to evoke the rich interaction of goals, predictions, actions, feedback, and response in systems of all kinds (the term governor derives from the same root) [Wiener 1948]. Early applications in the control of physical systems (aiming artillery, designing electrical circuits, and maneuvering simple robots) clarified the fundamental roles of these concepts in engineering; but the relevance to social systems and the softer sciences was also clear from the start. Many researchers from the 1940s through 1960 worked solidly within the tradition of cybernetics without necessarily using the term, some likely (R. Buckminster Fuller) but many less obviously (Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead). Origins of AI in cybernetics Ironically but logically, AI and cybernetics have each gone in and out of fashion and influence in the search for machine intelligence. Cybernetics started in advance of AI, but AI dominated between 1960 and 1985, when repeated failures to achieve its claim of building intelligent machines finally caught up with it. These difficulties in AI led to renewed search for solutions that mirror prior approaches of cybernetics. Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts were the first to propose a synthesis of neurophysiology and logic that tied the capabilities of brains to the limits of Turing computability [McCulloch Pitts 1965]. The euphoria that followed spawned the field of AI [Lettvin 1989] along with early work on computation in neural nets, or, as then called, perceptrons. However the fashion of symbolic computing rose to squelch perceptron research in the 1960s, followed by its resurgence in the late 1980s. However this is not to say that current fashion in neural nets is a return to where cybernetics has been. Much of the modern work in neural nets rests in the philosophical tradition of AI and not that of cybernetics. Philosophy of cybernetics AI is predicated on the presumption that knowledge is a commodity that can be stored inside of a machine, and that the application of such stored knowledge to the real world constitutes intelligence [Minsky 1968]. Only within such a realist view of the world can, for example, semantic networks and rule-based expert systems appear to be a route to intelligent machines. Cybernetics in contrast has evolved from a constructivist view of the world [von Glasersfeld 1987] where objectivity derives from shared agreement about meaning, and where information (or intelligence for that matter) is an attribute of an interaction rather than a commodity stored in a computer [Winograd Flores 1986]. These differences are not merely semantic in character, but rather determine fundamentally the source and direction of research performed from a cybernetic, versus an AI, stance. Underlying philosophical differences between AI and cybernetics are displayed by showing how they each construe the terms in the central column. For example, the concept of representation is understood quite differently in the two fields. Relations on the left are causal arrows and reflect the reductionist reasoning inherent in AIs realist perspective that via our nervous systems we discover the-world-as-it-is. Relations on the right are non-hierarchical and circular to reflect a constructivist perspective, where the world is invented (in contrast to being discovered) by an intelligence acting in a social tradition and creating shared meaning via hermeneutic (circular, self-defining) processes. The implications of these differences are very great and touch on recent efforts to reproduce the brain [Hawkins 2004, IBM/EPFL 2004] which maintain roots in the paradigm of brain as computer. These approaches hold the same limitations of digital symbolic computing and are neither likely to ex plain, nor to reproduce, the functioning of the nervous system. DIFFERENT TYPES AND RESEARCH Cybernetics is an earlier but still-used generic term for many types of subject matter. These subjects also extend into many others areas of science, but are united in their study of control of systems. Consolidated Cybernetics Consolidated Cybernetics is a leading Software house based at Coimbatore, premier industrial city and an emerging Information Technology hub, in Tamil Nadu, Southern India, was established in 1993. Promoted and managed by IT Professionals, the company is spearheaded by a technocrat of distinguished experience. The company has multi location operations at Coimbatore, Chennai. The company, which started its operations in education and training, over the years grew into software development. Cybernetics partnered with world leaders Digital Equipment Corpn, Oracle Corpn and PSG College of Technology for education. Pure cybernetics Pure cybernetics studies systems of control as a concept, attempting to discover the basic principles underlying such things as ASIMO uses sensors and intelligent algorithms to avoid obstacles and navigate stairs. Artificial intelligence Robotics Computer Vision Control systems Emergence Learning organization New Cybernetics Second-order cybernetics Interactions of Actors Theory Conversation Theory Basic concepts of cybernetics Feedback and circular causality Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the output signal of a system is passed (fed back) to the input. So, the system itself contains a loop. Feedback mechanisms fundamentally influence the dynamic behavior of a system. Roughly speaking negative feedback reduces the deviation or error from a goal state, therefore has stabilizing effects. Positive feedback which increases the deviation from an initial state, has destabilizing effects. Natural, technological and social systems are full of feedback mechanisms. The general principles of feedback control were understood by engineers, and autonomous control systems were used to replace human operators. This replacement can be done only up to a point, and consequently one is brought directly to face the question of the role of the human observer in technological systems. The mechanization of the mind Cybernetic considerations of mind was related to the assumptions that Thinking is a form of computation. The computation involved is not the mental operation of a human being who manipulates symbols in applying rules, such as those of addition or multiplication; instead it is what a particular class of machines do machines technically referred to as automata. By virtue of this, thinking can be modeled within the domain of the mechanical. Physical laws can explain why and how nature in certain of its manifestations, not restricted exclusively to the human world appears to us to contain meaning, finality, directionality, and intentionality. Application Cybernetics   Engineering cybernetics(or Technical cybernetics) deals with the question of control engineering of mechatronic systems. It is used to control or regulate such a system; more often the term control theory encompasses this field and is used instead. Medical cybernetics investigates networks in human biology, medical decision making and the information processing structures in the living organism. Biological Cybernetics investigates communication and control processes in living organisms and ecosystems. Biorobotics is a term that loosely covers the fields of cybernetics, bionics and even genetic engineering as a collective study. Future Aspects Cybernetics: The Center of Sciences Future Cybernetics is not the same as robotics, and it has nothing to do with freezing dead people. It is as different from artificial intelligence as philosophy is from mud-pies. And, in the opinion of the speaker, it subsumes the hard sciences, the soft sciences, and the humanities as well. Emerging from control theory and the feeling that trans-disciplinary enquiry was critical, the field of cybernetics surged in the 1940s. By 1960 it had become a political no-no, coincidentally the same period that it exploded into new domains. Today the word has returned to common use, but its meaning and importance are not understood. Cybernetics directly influences revolutionary work in fields such as biology, cognitive science, family therapy, machine intelligence, and management. But what is it? Primarily an epistemological stance, cybernetics is informally characterized by the speaker as the science of describing; that is, a formal approach to the purpose and nature of this universal human activity. As such, it requires an examination of the subjectivity inherent in all description. Insofar as it exposes science as a consensual process (rather than a research for truth), it shows how science does not require a real world to do its work. Insofar as its primary observable is an interaction in which the observer inextricably participates, it is suitable for application to all human activities. In building his argument for the importance of cybernetics in the future of science, the speaker will give an overview of the philosophy and implications of the field. Examples will be given from his work in software development and management consulting, as well as from other important applications. He will draw implications for an ethics of scientific enquiry, the responsibility of the individual, and the signs of change in the world order. Referrence www.wikipedia.com www.scribd.com www.sciencedaily.com Books; Ashby, W. Ross, Design for a Brain. London: Chapman and Hall, 1960. Hawkins, Jeff and Blakeslee, Sandra, On Intelligence. Times Books, 2004. IBM/Ecole Polytechnique Fà ©dà ©rale de Lausanne (EPFL), http://bluebrainproject.epfl.ch/, 2004

The Chinese Revolution Essay -- essays research papers

As many other countries around the world China has its long history of a struggle for equality and prosperity against tyrants and dictatorships. The establishment of People’s Republic of China in 1949 seemed to have put an end to that struggle for a better life. â€Å"The Chinese people have stood up!† declared Mao Tse-tung, the chairman of China’s Communist Party (CPP) – a leading political force in the country for the time. The people were defined as a coalition of four social classes: the workers, the peasants, the petite bourgeoisie and the national-capitalists. The four classes were to be led buy the CPP, as the leader of the working class. For the first time in decades a new Chinese government was met with peace and hope, instead of massive violent opposition, within its territory. The government and its political force, the CPP, were expected to fulfill century long dream of the Chinese people for â€Å"reason, liberty, progress and democracy.† The government promised to bring about a string of swift political and economical reforms that would dramatically improve life of every Chinese citizen within the life span of one generation. A promise of a vast land reform that would give long-awaited land to millions of peasant families won their support for the new government. At that time the party’s members of peasant origin accounted for nearly 90 percent. The Chinese intellectuals supported the communists for their promise to establish a variety of democratic institutions that ...

Taco Bell

â€Å"For us, the process of reengineering is like a sailing adventure which has been going on for more than ten years, and we know that as long as the Taco Bell still engaged in service to the customer's business, the sail will continue to persist. † –chief executive and chairman of Taco Bell. John Martin The Taco Bell's CEO and chairman John Martin is one of the most influential man in the fast food industry, he has a reason proud for his achievements over the past few decades in Taco Bell company.He's guidance on the value – oriented reengineering to Taco Bell company marks an era of the fast food industry. He set off a revolution in the fast food industry, each Taco for 59 cents and still profitable. Starting in 1983, John Martin began a series of changes in the Taco Bell organization designed to alter the company’s mind-set, as well as its capabilities for pursuing a strategy to compete with the major fast-food chains. The first thing he did was to mo dernize Taco Bell’s physical units.These changes included remodeling the restaurants, increasing seating capacity, adding drive-through windows, installing new signs, and outfitting employees in more contemporary uniforms. The company also added new menu items, including Nachos, Taco Salad, Mexican Pizza, Double Beef Burrito Supreme, Seafood Salad, and Soft-Shell Tacos. 2In addition, Martin accelerated the company’s growth, averaging 249 new stores per year from1983 to 1988, an increase from less than 100 units per year that had been added in the late 1970s.This expansion also extended Taco Bell’s geographic presence into the Midwest, Southeast, and Northeast. In the process, the company replaced its old 1,600-square-foot mission-style restaurants with more modern2,000-square-footunits. 2 Dean Takahashi: â€Å"Taco Bell†¦,† The Orange County Register, August 13, 1989. The first four products mentioned are trade marked products of Taco Bell Corp Taco Bell â€Å"For us, the process of reengineering is like a sailing adventure which has been going on for more than ten years, and we know that as long as the Taco Bell still engaged in service to the customer's business, the sail will continue to persist. † –chief executive and chairman of Taco Bell. John Martin The Taco Bell's CEO and chairman John Martin is one of the most influential man in the fast food industry, he has a reason proud for his achievements over the past few decades in Taco Bell company.He's guidance on the value – oriented reengineering to Taco Bell company marks an era of the fast food industry. He set off a revolution in the fast food industry, each Taco for 59 cents and still profitable. Starting in 1983, John Martin began a series of changes in the Taco Bell organization designed to alter the company’s mind-set, as well as its capabilities for pursuing a strategy to compete with the major fast-food chains. The first thing he did was to mo dernize Taco Bell’s physical units.These changes included remodeling the restaurants, increasing seating capacity, adding drive-through windows, installing new signs, and outfitting employees in more contemporary uniforms. The company also added new menu items, including Nachos, Taco Salad, Mexican Pizza, Double Beef Burrito Supreme, Seafood Salad, and Soft-Shell Tacos. 2In addition, Martin accelerated the company’s growth, averaging 249 new stores per year from1983 to 1988, an increase from less than 100 units per year that had been added in the late 1970s.This expansion also extended Taco Bell’s geographic presence into the Midwest, Southeast, and Northeast. In the process, the company replaced its old 1,600-square-foot mission-style restaurants with more modern2,000-square-footunits. 2 Dean Takahashi: â€Å"Taco Bell†¦,† The Orange County Register, August 13, 1989. The first four products mentioned are trade marked products of Taco Bell Corp

Synopsis of a Phrase: You Don’t Know What You Have Until It’s Gone

â€Å"You don’t know what you have until it’s gone† Like an old saying â€Å"You don’t know what you have until it’s gone†. For some people these are just words, but for others it’s really more a life changing phrase. To me this phrase are more than just words. I question myself every time I see or hear about mother’s abandoning their children’s. I really can’t understand what come across their minds to make a life changing decision. Every woman who has the blessing of having children’s should be grateful, because not every woman has the glory of giving birth.I can’t comprehend leaving behind a part of you like if it didn’t exist, that is just outrages. But then again life in some way or somehow it comes back and haunts you, it’s all about karma. This is where the old saying of â€Å"You don’t know what you have until it’s gone†, kicks in then it’s too late to try to regain what you had back then. As I grew up as a teenager I always had in mind that I wanted to have a boy first and then a girl as my own children. Well, God heard my wishes and made them true, but not knowing that later on in my life I was going to wish that I hadn’t made that petition.I had my son at age 17 and my daughter at age 19, years passed by and simply no more pregnancies came along. I was divested as well as my husband we wanted to have more family. Apparently it just wasn’t going to happen I was diagnosed with PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome). The possibilities of getting pregnant were between 2% to 5% which let’s be honest, â€Å"Not enough†. Pretty much I become infertile, but I had set my mind if these are Gods wish let them be. I was already so grateful in having my two kids. I’m not going lie I still had that wish of becoming mother again back in mind.I have a sister who had a beautiful daughter two years ago. I was hopi ng for my sister to change for good, since she was more into going out with friends, boyfriends, and anything relate to being irresponsible. The first year seemed to be okay even though she still went out. In the beginning of the second year she started to complain about having her daughter. She would say, â€Å"I wish I have never had you†. How can she possibly say this, she is only an â€Å"innocent little girl† who didn’t ask to be brought to this world. I spoke to my mother about this situation.I simply couldn’t let this go on. My mother said, â€Å"I will not let this happen again†. My mother did actually speak to my sister, she obviously didn’t like that so she called me up and said, â€Å"I’m leaving the house and I’m giving the baby away to someone†. I said â€Å"No you are not†! Give her to me, I said. My sister answers back by saying, â€Å"Well, come for her now or I will give her away†. So I eag erly left to my mother’s house. I had to tell my sister, that I hope you never ever regret what you are doing. This is when I brought up the old saying, â€Å"You don’t know what you have until it’s gone†.Some day you will be begging for the forgiveness of your daughter and this is when you will realize that what you did was wrong and it will be to late. At the end I tried to understand why she took this decision. What was going thru her mind? I just can come with an answer. I’ve tried every possible method of getting pregnant and here she comes and leaves her daughter like nothing as if she never carried her in her stomach for 9 months. By the way I was present in the baby’s birth. It was wonderful reliving the moment when I gave birth to my children.Now I’m going thru the moment of seeing my niece being abandoned by her insensitive mother. This really breaks my heart by seeing my little niece looking for her mother and not finding h er. To me this kind of people should not have the blessing of being a mother, if in some way you can call them mothers. While other women try and wish they could be mothers. We should have more conscious in what we do and the consequence that later in life will bring us. We should treasure what we currently have and not wait until it’s too late to realize what slip away from our hands. Life is to short to make wrong decisions.